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I n the early 2000s, hospitals across Australia began installing more hand-sanitizer dispensers in their rooms and hallways for staff, visitors, and patients to use. Research showed these alcohol-based disinfectants helped battle staph infections in patients and certain kinds of drug-resistant bacteria. And rates of these infections went down. But other infections didn't drop when people started using the sanitizer stations. In fact, certain infections went up. In particular, enterococcal infections — caused by bacteria that affect the digestive tract, bladder, heart and other parts of the body — started increasing. This wasn't only happening in Australia. Countries around the world saw  rises in this type of infection  even as hand sanitizer became more popular. Globally, enterococci make up ten percent of bacterial infections acquired in the hospital. In North America and Europe, they are a leading cause of sepsis, a deadly blood infection. Now, researchers

Antibiotic resistance  is the ability of bacteria to resist the effects of the drugs used to treat them. This means the bacteria are no longer killed by a drug that used to kill them before. The bacteria are then free to keep multiplying. Gonorrhea has developed resistance to nearly all of the antibiotics used for its treatment.  We are currently down to one last recommended and effective class of antibiotics, cephalosporins, to treat this common infection. This is an urgent public health threat because gonorrhea control in the United States largely relies on our ability to successfully treat the infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention